There are three tenses
1). Present Tense
2). Past Tense
3). Future Tense
(A) Present Tense
Present Indefinite Tense
Identity: (“लेता है”, “बेचता है”, “खरीदता है” आदि इस प्रकार की क्रिया (Verb) आये तो ऐसे वाक्य को Present Indefinite Tense कहा जाता है|)
Rules
|
Sentence |
Subject(I, We, You, They, etc) |
Subject( He, She, It) |
|
Affirmative |
S + V1 |
S+V1+s or es |
|
Negative |
S+ don’t +V1 |
S+ doesn’t + V1 |
|
Interrogative |
Do+ Subject +V1……? |
Does+Sub+V1…..? |
|
Negative-Interrogative |
Do+ Sub +Not + V1….? |
Does + Sub +Not + V1 …….? |
Example
Explanation
This tense is used to express an action in the present moment. It is used to express such actions that happen on a regular base. For
example “I go to office.”
It is daily activity of an employee to go to office. In this type of situation Present Indefinite Tense is used.
Rules
In case of hobbies and habits.
My friend like reading newspaper.
In case of Routines.
He goes to school at 8.00 am.
In case of Universal Truth.
Sun rises in the east.
In case of scientific fact, Geographic fact.
To every action there is equal and opposite reaction.
Moon is the natural satellite of earth.
In case of the action to be performed in near future.
We leave for Kanpur next Saturday.
In case of expressing present moment.
My friend lives in Mumbai.
Translations Examples
1).वह अख़बार मुझसे लेता है|
He takes newspaper from me.
2). वह सन्देश उसकी दोस्त मैंडी से प्राप्त करती है।
She gets message from her friend Mandy.
3). मै तुम्हारी किताब नहीं फेंकता हँ।
I do not throw your books.
4). क्या वो निकिता पर नहीं बड़बड़ाता है?
Doesn’t he prattle at Nikita?
Exercises
(1) Complete the following sentence using these verbs:
Cause(s) connect(s) drink(s) live(s) open(s) speak(s) take(s)
A). Victoria ______ French very well.
B). My family________ in very small flat.
C). The Olympic Games ________ place every four years.
(2) Use the following:
I apologize I insist I promise I suggest I recommend
A). Mr. Ram is not in the office today.__________ you to calling him tomorrow.
B). _____________ for what he did. It won’t happen again.
C). The new hospital is at Mall road is very good. ____________ it.
Solutions….
1) A). speaks, B). Lives, C). Takes
(2) A). I suggest, B). I apologize, C).I recommend
Present Continuous Tenses (I am doing)
Identity:(“देख रहा है”,”खरीद रहा है”, “मिल रहा है”, “सो रहा है” आदि इस प्रकार की क्रिया (Verb) आये तो ऐसे वाक्य को Present Continuous Tense कहते
है |)
Rules
|
Sentence |
Subject(He, She, It ) |
Subject(I ) |
Subject (We, You, They) |
|
Affirmative |
S+is+V1+ing |
S+am+V1+ing |
S+are+V1+ing |
|
Negative |
S+is+not+V1+ing |
S+am+not+V1+ing |
S+are+not+V1+ing |
|
Interrogative |
Is +S+V1+ing |
Am+S+V1+ing..? |
Are+S+V1+ing..? |
|
Negative Interrogative |
Is + S + not + V1 + ing |
Am + S + not + V1 + ing..? |
Are + S + not + V1 + ing..? |
Rule
Am/is/are + -ing is the present continuous.
Example
Explanation
Present continuous tense is used to express an ongoing action at present time. It expresses an action at the time of speaking. For
example: “I am reading a newspaper.”
It means that the person is in process of reading the newspaper. In this type of situation Present Continuous Tense is used.
Rules
In case of action in progress.
The student is reading the notice board.
In case of Action in near future.
Akash is going to Australia next week.
In case of current trends.
Students are becoming aware of their rights.
In case of habits.
All employees are sitting at canteen for lunch.
Translation Examples
1). क्या तुम मुझे स्कूल में बदनाम कर रहे हो?
Are you defaming me in the school?
2). वो लाइब्रेरी में क्या छांट रहा है?
What is he sorting out in library?
3). क्या तुम सिद्धार्थ का मज़ाक नहीं उड़ा रहे हो?
Aren’t you mocking at Sidharth?
4). हम दोस्तों को जन्मदिवस पर बुला रहे है।
We are calling the friends on birthday.
Exercise
Complete the conversation.
Person (A). I saw victor a few days ago.
Person (B). Oh, did you? What’s he doing these days? (What / he/ do)
Person (A). He’s at university.
Person (B)…………………………………………….? (He /enjoy)
Person (A). Yes, he says it’s very good course.
(2)For completing the following sentences use these verbs:
Start go increase change rise
Solutions:
Present Perfect Tense
Identity: (“खा लिया है”, “सुन लिया है”, “देख चुका है”, “प्राप्त कर चुका है” आदि इस प्रकार की क्रिया (Verb) आये तो ऐसे वाक्य को Present Perfect
Tense कहा जाता है )
Rules:
|
Sentence |
Subject (I, we, you, they etc.) |
Subject (He, She, it etc.) |
|
Affirmative |
S+ have + V3 |
S+ has + V3 |
|
Negative |
S+ have not+V3 |
S+ has not+V3 |
|
Interrogative |
Have+S+v3……? |
Has+s+v3……..? |
|
Negative Interrogative |
Have + S + not + V3 …….? |
Has + S+ not + V3 ….. ? |
Examples
Explanation
I have lived in Delhi since 2000 and now I am at Mumbai.
So, in this example it is clear that the action is started in past and still continues in the present. During this period of time the process is
still going on. It is Present perfect tense.
Rules
In case of any activity completed in the past.
I have completed all the chapters of English.
In case of past action whose result still continues.
Science has given us many blessings.
It is used with words like recently, already, presently, often, till now, frequently, just now etc.
I have already submitted your report.
Translation Examples
1). तुमने थोड़े से पौधे मेरे बगीचे से उखाडे है।
You have uprooted a few plants from my garden.
2). अध्यापक ने मुझे मेरी गलतियों का स्मरण कराया है।
The teacher have reminded me of my mistakes.
3). वानर ने अरुण अंकल का सुन्दर बगीचा नष्ट कर दिया है।
The monkey has destroyed Arun uncle’s beautiful garden.
4). तुमने प्रियंका की समस्या क्यों हल नहीं की है?
Why haven’t you solved Priyanka’s problem?
Exercise
Make sentences
1. (John/ miss/ the train)
2. (We/try/roller-skating)
3. (You/not/study/maths/since 2015.)
4. (They/not/sleep/well)
Solutions..
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Identity : ("देख रहा है ", "सुन रहा है", "उत्पन्न कर रहा है", "खा रहा है " आदि इस प्रकार की क्रिया (Verb) आये और यदि वाक्य के बीच मे समय जैसे: "सुबह से
", "चार बजे से ", "सोमवार से ", "10 बजे से" आदि आये तो ऐसे वाक्य को Present perfect continuous tense कहा जाता है।)
Rules:
|
Sentence |
Subject(He,She,it) |
Subject(I, we, you, they) |
|
Affirmative |
S+ has been+V1+ing |
S+ have been+V1+ing) |
|
Negative |
S+has+not+been+v1+ing |
S+have+not+been+V1+ing |
|
Interrogative |
Has+S+been+V1+ing..? |
Have+S+been+V1+ing..? |
|
Negative Interrogative |
Has + S + not + been + V1 + ing…? |
Have + S + not + been + V1 + ing…? |
Examples
Explanation
Kamal has been waiting for you all day.
(He is still waiting now)
The action started in the past and still carrying on. In these kinds of situations Present Perfect continuous Tense is used.
Rules
Any action started at a given time in past and still going on.
Parul has been studying since four o’ clock.
In case of repletion of action.
I have been asking him to stop wasting time.
#Note
Use of ‘Since’ and ‘for’
Translation Examples
1). मै तुम्हे दोपहर से पढ़ा रहा हँ।
I have been teaching you since noon.
2). वो दो घंटे से गोलमाल बात कर रहा है।
He has been talking round for two hour.
3). तुम घर दो साल से कहा बना रहे हो?
Where have you been making the house for two years?
4). भारतीय स्वतंत्रदिवस 1947 से मना रहे है।
The Indians have been celebrating the Independence Day since 1947.
Exercise
1. He ________ (play) cricket, so he’s tired.
2. You _________ (not/eat) well recently.
3. I __________ (not/watch) TV much recently.
4. You __________ (sleep) for twelve hours.
5. We _________ (wait) for you for two months.
Solutions
1. has been playing
2. have not been eating
3. have not been watching
4. have been sleeping
5. have been waiting
