• Born: 28 September 1907
• Birthplace: Banga, Lyallpur district, Punjab Province, British India (now in Pakistan)
• Parents: Sardar Kishan Singh and Vidyavati
• Known For: Revolutionary activities against British rule
• Organisation: Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)
• Major Associates: Chandrashekhar Azad, Sukhdev Thapar, Shivaram Rajguru, and Batukeshwar Dutt
• Major Activities: Central Legislative Assembly bombing (1929) and participation in revolutionary activities against British rule
• Political Ideas: Supported socialism, equality, secularism, and social justice
• Famous Slogan: “Inquilab Zindabad”
• Important Writing: “Why I Am an Atheist”
• Executed On: 23 March 1931
• Age at Execution: 23 years
• Legacy: Became a lasting symbol of courage, patriotism, sacrifice, and revolutionary nationalism in India.

• Family Background: Belonged to a patriotic Sikh family involved in the freedom struggle.
• Father: His father, Kishan Singh, was associated with nationalist activities.
• Influence of Uncles: His uncles Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh also influenced his early nationalist thinking.
• Jallianwala Bagh: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 deeply affected young Bhagat Singh.
• Early Schooling: Studied at Dayanand Anglo-Vedic School, Lahore.
• National College: Later joined National College, Lahore, founded by Lala Lajpat Rai.
• Academic Interests: Developed a strong interest in history, politics, economics, and revolutionary literature.
• Reading Habit: Read extensively about Indian nationalism, socialism, revolution, and international political movements.
• Political Awareness: His education and reading helped develop his ideas about freedom, social equality, and resistance to colonial rule.

• Revolutionary Movement: Joined revolutionary organisations and worked with young nationalists to challenge British colonial rule.
• Hindustan Republican Association: Became associated with the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) and later played an important role in its transformation into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
• Influence of Lala Lajpat Rai’s Death: After Lala Lajpat Rai died following injuries sustained during a police lathi charge while protesting the Simon Commission, Bhagat Singh and his associates sought to avenge his death.
• Saunders Assassination: In December 1928, Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru shot John Saunders, a British police officer in Lahore, in a case of mistaken identity.
• Central Legislative Assembly Bombing: On 8 April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi to protest against repressive colonial legislation.
• Purpose of the Bombing: The bombs were intended to make a political statement rather than cause mass casualties. Bhagat Singh and Dutt deliberately stayed at the scene and surrendered.
• Hunger Strike: During imprisonment, Bhagat Singh participated in a hunger strike demanding better treatment and equal facilities for Indian political prisoners.
• Use of the Courtroom: He and his fellow revolutionaries used their trial as a platform to communicate their political ideas and oppose British rule.
• Political Ideas: Bhagat Singh increasingly advocated socialism, equality, secularism, and freedom from economic exploitation.
• Inspiration for Youth: His courage, writings, and willingness to sacrifice his life made him a major inspiration for Indian youth during the freedom struggle.
• Supreme Sacrifice: Bhagat Singh was executed along with Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru on 23 March 1931 in Lahore Jail.

 Birth & Family

•  Full Name: Shaheed Bhagat Singh
•  Popular Title: Shaheed-e-Azam
•  Date of Birth: 28 September 1907
•  Place of Birth: Banga Village, Lyallpur District (now Faisalabad, Pakistan)
• He belonged to the Sandhu Jat Sikh family.
•  Father: Sardar Kishan Singh
•  Mother: Vidyawati Kaur
•  Uncles: Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh
•  Ajit Singh was associated with the Ghadar Movement (1913).

Education

•  Bhagat Singh completed his higher education at National College, Lahore.
• The college was founded by Lala Lajpat Rai.

•  Bhagat Singh was inspired by Kartar Singh Sarabha.
•  He was also influenced by Madan Lal Dhingra.

•  The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919.
•  It was based on the recommendations of the Sedition Committee.
•  The committee was headed by Justice Sidney Rowlatt.
•  The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place on 13 April 1919.
•  Sir Michael O’Dwyer was the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab during the massacre.
•  The firing was ordered by Brigadier General Reginald Dyer.

•  Bhagat Singh became a member of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).
•  The HRA was founded by:

•  Bhagat Singh returned to Lahore during the Jaito Morcha (1925).
•  While staying in Delhi, he used the name Balwant Singh.
•  He worked for the newspaper Vir Arjun.

•  Bhagat Singh joined the Kirti Kisan Party.
•  The party was led by Sohan Singh Josh and Santokh Singh.
•  He regularly contributed articles to the magazine Kirti.

•  The Naujawan Bharat Sabha was founded in March 1926.
•  Bhagat Singh served as its General Secretary.

•  The Kakori Train Action took place on 9 August 1925.
•  It was carried out by members of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).
•  After the Kakori Case, the HRA was reorganized.

• In September 1928, the HRA was reorganized as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
• The reorganization took place at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi.
•  Chandra Shekhar Azad became the Commander-in-Chief of the HSRA.

• The Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928.
•  Lala Lajpat Rai was injured during the protest at Lahore on 30 October 1928.
•  He died on 17 November 1928.
•  Bhagat Singh decided to avenge his death.
•  The actual target was James A. Scott.
• J.P. Saunders was mistakenly shot on 17 December 1928.
•  This incident became famous as the Lahore Conspiracy Case.

•  On 8 April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly, Delhi.
•  The bombs were intentionally non-lethal.
•  They protested against the:
  • Public Safety Bill
  • Trade Disputes Bill
•  They shouted the slogan “Inquilab Zindabad” inside the Assembly.

• Bhagat Singh was lodged in Mianwali Central Jail.
•  He demanded equal treatment for Indian political prisoners.
• Revolutionary Jatin Das joined the hunger strike.
•  Jatin Das died after 63 days of fasting on 13 September 1929.

•  Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were executed on 23 March 1931.
• They were hanged at Lahore Central Jail.
•  Their bodies were secretly taken to Hussainiwala (Ferozepur) on the banks of the Sutlej River.

•  The National Martyrs Memorial is located at Hussainiwala, Punjab.
• It commemorates the sacrifice of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev.

• Popularly known as Shaheed-e-Azam.
•  Famous slogan: “Inquilab Zindabad.”
•  Famous essay: “Why I Am an Atheist.”

•  Bhagat Singh believed in Revolutionary Socialism.
•  He was influenced by the ideas of:
  • Karl Marx
  • Friedrich Engels
  • Vladimir Lenin
  • Mikhail Bakunin

• “Inquilab Zindabad” → Coined by Maulana Hasrat Mohani and popularised by Bhagat Singh.